Copyright

The public domain is the collection of all expressive works for which no one owns the copyright - or to look at it another way, the collection of works which everyone owns! It is a wellspring of knowledge, culture, and creative growth. Expansion of the public domain is, by some accounts, the whole reason we have copyright in the first place!

People sometimes confuse the idea of public accessibility with the specific legal concept of the public domain, but whether a work is available online or not has no relevance at all to its public domain status. Most works that are publicly available online are NOT in the public domain - they usually have an owner somewhere. A work, online or not, is only in the public domain if its term of copyright protection is over, or if it never met the requirements for copyright protection in the first place.

Here are a couple examples:

• Copyright is expired
  In the U.S., the only sure-bet works where copyright has ended are those that were published in the U.S. before 1924. Many works that were published in other countries prior to 1924 are still covered by copyright in the U.S. And it's worth noting that it is entirely possible for a work to be in the public domain in one country, and still covered by copyright in another! Nevertheless, copyright has also ended for many works that were published more recently - even as late as the 1960s and 1970s - see the resources to the left for more information on all the details.

• Copyright never existed
  All works created by the U.S. federal government (and federal employees in the course of their work) are in the public domain in the U.S. from the moment of their creation - there is no copyright, in the U.S., for U.S. federal government works.

Works in the public domain may be used freely by anyone, for any purpose, without copyright permission from anyone - because no one owns exclusive rights in these works. However, use of public domain works can still raise issues around defamation, rights of publicity, trademark, and related rights of individuals or entities portrayed in the materials.

Reproduced from the University of Minnesota Libraries and used under a CC BY-NC 3.0 license.